合同風險
企業存在(zai)的(de)(de)經營風(feng)(feng)險包括來(lai)自企業外部的(de)(de)環境風(feng)(feng)險和(he)來(lai)自企業內部管(guan)理的(de)(de)流程風(feng)(feng)險。而具體在(zai)簽(qian)(qian)訂和(he)履(lv)行合同(tong)時，除經濟業務本身(shen)的(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)險外，會面(mian)臨諸(zhu)如(ru)違法、違規招致處罰的(de)(de)制(zhi)度風(feng)(feng)險、合同(tong)一方違約(yue)導(dao)致的(de)(de)信用風(feng)(feng)險以(yi)及(ji)合同(tong)內容約(yue)定不(bu)明或失(shi)誤導(dao)致糾紛(fen)和(he)損失(shi)的(de)(de)條款風(feng)(feng)險。正(zheng)確簽(qian)(qian)訂合同(tong)，往往能規避和(he)化解上(shang)述(shu)風(feng)(feng)險
企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)在合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)簽(qian)訂(ding)(ding)前對市場的(de)(de)調查等(deng)活動是(shi)經(jing)濟行(xing)為(wei)，目的(de)(de)是(shi)規避經(jing)濟風(feng)險，實現企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)目的(de)(de)。選(xuan)擇(ze)經(jing)濟事項后，企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)就進入(ru)合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)簽(qian)訂(ding)(ding)階段，這時(shi)應注(zhu)意合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)當(dang)事人(ren)的(de)(de)資質（在后面的(de)(de)合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)條(tiao)款(kuan)中討論）和合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)簽(qian)訂(ding)(ding)形式的(de)(de)確定。企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)應根據實際情況選(xuan)擇(ze)合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)簽(qian)訂(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)形式。
1、合同風險之口頭形式：指(zhi)當事人只以(yi)口(kou)頭意思表示達(da)成協(xie)議(yi)的合(he)同。口(kou)頭合(he)同簡便易(yi)行(xing)，僅適用于能及(ji)時結清的簡單(dan)的經濟業務。一旦(dan)發(fa)生糾紛難以(yi)取(qu)證，不(bu)易(yi)分清責(ze)任。
2、合同風險之書面形式： 書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)面(mian)形式(shi)(shi)是(shi)指合(he)同書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、信件(jian)或數(shu)據電(dian)(dian)(dian)文（包(bao)括(kuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)報(bao)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)傳(chuan)、傳(chuan)真、電(dian)(dian)(dian)子數(shu)據交(jiao)換(huan)和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子郵(you)件(jian)）等記載內(nei)容的(de)形式(shi)(shi)。雙方協(xie)商同意的(de)修(xiu)改(gai)，也是(shi)合(he)同的(de)組成部分(fen)。法(fa)律、法(fa)規規定(ding)采(cai)用(yong)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)面(mian)形式(shi)(shi)的(de)，或當(dang)事人(ren)約定(ding)采(cai)用(yong)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)面(mian)形式(shi)(shi)的(de)，應當(dang)采(cai)用(yong)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)面(mian)形式(shi)(shi)。書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)面(mian)合(he)同在(zai)發生糾紛時舉證方便，容易分(fen)清責任(ren)，是(shi)當(dang)事人(ren)最為普遍采(cai)用(yong)的(de)一種合(he)同約定(ding)形式(shi)(shi)。
3、合同風險之 公證形式： 公(gong)(gong)(gong)證(zheng)(zheng)形(xing)(xing)式(shi)是依當事人(ren)約定或法(fa)律(lv)(lv)規定，以(yi)國家公(gong)(gong)(gong)證(zheng)(zheng)機(ji)關對(dui)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)內(nei)容加以(yi)審(shen)查公(gong)(gong)(gong)證(zheng)(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)方式(shi)，訂立合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)(xing)式(shi)。公(gong)(gong)(gong)證(zheng)(zheng)機(ji)關一般均以(yi)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)書面形(xing)(xing)式(shi)為基礎，對(dui)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)內(nei)容的(de)(de)(de)(de)真實性和(he)(he)合(he)(he)法(fa)性進行(xing)(xing)審(shen)查確認后(hou)，在合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)書上加蓋公(gong)(gong)(gong)證(zheng)(zheng)印鑒，以(yi)資證(zheng)(zheng)明。一旦發生糾紛，經過公(gong)(gong)(gong)證(zheng)(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)具有(you)最可(ke)靠的(de)(de)(de)(de)證(zheng)(zheng)據力，當事人(ren)除(chu)有(you)相反的(de)(de)(de)(de)證(zheng)(zheng)據外，不能推翻。我(wo)國法(fa)律(lv)(lv)對(dui)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)證(zheng)(zheng)采取自愿原則。當事人(ren)要求必須公(gong)(gong)(gong)證(zheng)(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)就須公(gong)(gong)(gong)證(zheng)(zheng)，不經公(gong)(gong)(gong)證(zheng)(zheng)不生效(xiao)。對(dui)一些重要的(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)種類，法(fa)律(lv)(lv)也可(ke)以(yi)規定必須進行(xing)(xing)公(gong)(gong)(gong)證(zheng)(zheng)。當事人(ren)和(he)(he)法(fa)律(lv)(lv)都可(ke)以(yi)賦予合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)證(zheng)(zheng)形(xing)(xing)式(shi)以(yi)證(zheng)(zheng)據效(xiao)力或者(zhe)成(cheng)立生效(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)效(xiao)力。
4、合同風險之 鑒證形式：是依當事(shi)人約(yue)定(ding)或法(fa)律規(gui)定(ding)，以國(guo)家(jia)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)管理(li)機關對合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)內容(rong)的(de)(de)(de)真實性(xing)和合(he)(he)法(fa)性(xing)進行(xing)審(shen)查(cha)的(de)(de)(de)方式(shi)訂(ding)立合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)一種合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)形式(shi)。鑒(jian)證(zheng)是國(guo)家(jia)對合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)進行(xing)管理(li)和監督的(de)(de)(de)行(xing)政(zheng)措施，只能(neng)由國(guo)家(jia)行(xing)政(zheng)主管機關進行(xing)。鑒(jian)證(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)作用在于加強合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)證(zheng)明，提高合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)可靠性(xing)。鑒(jian)證(zheng)也采取自(zi)愿(yuan)原則(ze)。除國(guo)家(jia)規(gui)定(ding)必須鑒(jian)證(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)外，鑒(jian)證(zheng)機關根據(ju)當事(shi)人的(de)(de)(de)申請進行(xing)鑒(jian)證(zheng)。對于地方性(xing)法(fa)規(gui)規(gui)定(ding)必須予(yu)以鑒(jian)證(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，在作出鑒(jian)證(zheng)規(gui)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)行(xing)政(zheng)區(qu)域(yu)內簽訂(ding)時應從其規(gui)定(ding)。
5、合同風險之批準形式：批(pi)(pi)準形(xing)式(shi)(shi)是(shi)指法(fa)律(lv)規定某些(xie)類別的合(he)同須采取(qu)經國(guo)(guo)家(jia)有(you)關(guan)主管(guan)機(ji)關(guan)審查(cha)批(pi)(pi)準的一(yi)種合(he)同形(xing)式(shi)(shi)。這類合(he)同，除應(ying)由當事(shi)人(ren)達成意思(si)表示一(yi)致而(er)成立(li)外，還應(ying)將合(he)同書及有(you)關(guan)文件提(ti)交國(guo)(guo)家(jia)有(you)關(guan)主管(guan)機(ji)關(guan)審查(cha)批(pi)(pi)準才(cai)能(neng)生效。合(he)同的批(pi)(pi)準形(xing)式(shi)(shi)是(shi)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)對某些(xie)特(te)殊類別合(he)同的特(te)殊要(yao)求。法(fa)律(lv)不(bu)要(yao)求合(he)同批(pi)(pi)準形(xing)式(shi)(shi)的，當事(shi)人(ren)不(bu)能(neng)約定或要(yao)求國(guo)(guo)家(jia)進行批(pi)(pi)準。須經批(pi)(pi)準而(er)未經批(pi)(pi)準的合(he)同，自始(shi)就無法(fa)律(lv)效力(li)。
6、合同風險之 登記形式：登(deng)記(ji)形(xing)(xing)式(shi)是指(zhi)當事(shi)人約(yue)定或依(yi)照法(fa)(fa)律規定，采取(qu)將合同提交國家登(deng)記(ji)主管機關登(deng)記(ji)的方(fang)式(shi)訂(ding)立合同的一種合同形(xing)(xing)式(shi)。登(deng)記(ji)形(xing)(xing)式(shi)一般常用于(yu)不(bu)動產(chan)的買賣合同。某些特殊的動產(chan)，如(ru)船舶等，在法(fa)(fa)律上視為不(bu)動產(chan)，其轉讓也采取(qu)登(deng)記(ji)形(xing)(xing)式(shi)。合同的登(deng)記(ji)形(xing)(xing)式(shi)可由當事(shi)人自行約(yue)定，也可以由法(fa)(fa)律加以規定。
7、合同風險之合同確認書：合(he)(he)同(tong)確(que)認書(shu)即當事人采(cai)用信(xin)件、數據電文等形(xing)式(shi)(shi)訂(ding)立合(he)(he)同(tong)，一方當事人可以在合(he)(he)同(tong)成立之前要求以書(shu)面形(xing)式(shi)(shi)加以確(que)認的合(he)(he)同(tong)形(xing)式(shi)(shi)。
在簽訂合(he)同(tong)時(shi)要充分研(yan)究合(he)同(tong)的條款(kuan)(kuan)。合(he)同(tong)的條款(kuan)(kuan)包括交易(yi)性(xing)條款(kuan)(kuan)和救濟性(xing)條款(kuan)(kuan)。合(he)同(tong)交易(yi)性(xing)條款(kuan)(kuan)規(gui)定(ding)了(le)合(he)同(tong)當事人和具體事項，是(shi)完成經濟活(huo)動必需具備的條款(kuan)(kuan)。《合(he)同(tong)法》第(di)十二條，合(he)同(tong)一般應具備的條款(kuan)(kuan)前六項內容，就是(shi)交易(yi)性(xing)條款(kuan)(kuan)。
一(yi)(yi)、 合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)當(dang)(dang)事(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)情(qing)況(kuang)：首先，合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)當(dang)(dang)事(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)必須具(ju)有(you)(you)(you)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)格(ge)主(zhu)體資(zi)格(ge)。雖然現行(xing)《合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)法》對(dui)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)當(dang)(dang)事(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)并沒有(you)(you)(you)特別限制(zhi)（已(yi)經包括了自然人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)），但(dan)并不(bu)是(shi)說沒有(you)(you)(you)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)格(ge)主(zhu)體的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問題。一(yi)(yi)方面涉及到(dao)專(zhuan)營(ying)、專(zhuan)控的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)業務(wu)必須由專(zhuan)業公(gong)司(si)經營(ying)或(huo)(huo)經特別批準(zhun)后經營(ying)，另一(yi)(yi)方面一(yi)(yi)些工作要求必須具(ju)有(you)(you)(you)相應的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)資(zi)質等級的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)司(si)或(huo)(huo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)員才能(neng)完成。合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)當(dang)(dang)事(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)資(zi)質、履約(yue)能(neng)力能(neng)否(fou)(fou)適合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)內(nei)容，符合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)法律的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)強制(zhi)性或(huo)(huo)指(zhi)導性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規范，是(shi)審(shen)(shen)查(cha)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)否(fou)(fou)有(you)(you)(you)效(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)重要標準(zhun)。主(zhu)體不(bu)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)格(ge)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)無(wu)效(xiao)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。因此(ci)存在(zai)(zai)巨大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)險。其(qi)次，合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)如(ru)果是(shi)企業的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)法定代(dai)(dai)表(biao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)或(huo)(huo)其(qi)他合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)當(dang)(dang)事(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)授權(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經辦人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)或(huo)(huo)代(dai)(dai)理(li)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)代(dai)(dai)為(wei)(wei)(wei)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)訂(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，在(zai)(zai)審(shen)(shen)查(cha)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)主(zhu)體是(shi)否(fou)(fou)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)格(ge)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)時，還應注意審(shen)(shen)查(cha)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)訂(ding)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)是(shi)否(fou)(fou)取得委(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)托(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)委(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)托(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)證(zheng)明，并根據授權(quan)范圍(wei)以委(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)托(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)名義簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)訂(ding)。在(zai)(zai)一(yi)(yi)些單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)委(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)托(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)本(ben)單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)業務(wu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)員或(huo)(huo)聘請(qing)外單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)員簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)訂(ding)經濟合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)但(dan)未給予(yu)正式的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、完備的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)授權(quan)委(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)托(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)書的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況(kuang)下，對(dui)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)訂(ding)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)代(dai)(dai)理(li)資(zi)格(ge)和(he)代(dai)(dai)理(li)權(quan)限，應作具(ju)體分析：1)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)訂(ding)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)用(yong)委(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)托(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)加蓋公(gong)章的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)空白合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)書，或(huo)(huo)者用(yong)委(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)托(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)專(zhuan)用(yong)章簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)訂(ding)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，應視(shi)(shi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)委(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)托(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)授予(yu)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)訂(ding)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)代(dai)(dai)理(li)權(quan)。這種情(qing)況(kuang)下所簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)訂(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)應確認(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)有(you)(you)(you)效(xiao)。2)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)訂(ding)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)持(chi)有(you)(you)(you)委(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)托(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)出具(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)訂(ding)立(li)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)或(huo)(huo)者聯系業務(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)介紹信簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)訂(ding)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，視(shi)(shi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)委(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)托(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)授予(yu)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)訂(ding)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)代(dai)(dai)理(li)權(quan)。這種情(qing)況(kuang)下所簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)訂(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)應確認(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)有(you)(you)(you)效(xiao)。3)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)訂(ding)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)未持(chi)有(you)(you)(you)委(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)托(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)任何委(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)托(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)證(zheng)明文件所簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)訂(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，如(ru)果委(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)托(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)未予(yu)蓋章，這種情(qing)況(kuang)下所簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)訂(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)無(wu)效(xiao)。但(dan)是(shi)如(ru)果委(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)托(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)已(yi)經開始(shi)履行(xing)，應視(shi)(shi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)委(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)托(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)對(dui)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)訂(ding)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)代(dai)(dai)理(li)權(quan)已(yi)經予(yu)以追認(ren)，因此(ci)，所簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)訂(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經濟合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)有(you)(you)(you)效(xiao)。
二、 標(biao)的(de)：標(biao)的(de)違(wei)法(fa)是指合同的(de)標(biao)的(de)物(wu)為國家(jia)法(fa)律、行政法(fa)規所禁止流通(tong)(tong)(tong)，或(huo)限制(zhi)流通(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)專賣、專控物(wu)質不(bu)(bu)是由(you)專業公司或(huo)經(jing)(jing)專門部門批準后經(jing)(jing)營(ying)。比如(ru)毒品是禁止流通(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)；再比如(ru)煙草(cao)制(zhi)品必須由(you)煙草(cao)專賣企業經(jing)(jing)營(ying)。違(wei)反這一(yi)規定，不(bu)(bu)僅(jin)所簽(qian)訂的(de)合同無(wu)效，還要依(yi)法(fa)追究有關人員的(de)法(fa)律責(ze)任。涉及(ji)知識(shi)產(chan)權的(de)標(biao)的(de)物(wu)，應(ying)注意符合國家(jia)有關規定。合同標(biao)的(de)違(wei)法(fa)，必然(ran)(ran)導致整個合同無(wu)效。這顯然(ran)(ran)非常(chang)重要。
三、 數量(liang)(liang)，質量(liang)(liang)，價款或報酬，履行期限、地(di)點(dian)和(he)方式：合(he)(he)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)這四(si)項(xiang)交(jiao)易性條款非(fei)常重要(yao)。除了要(yao)符合(he)(he)經濟(ji)性，保證實現企業(ye)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)外(wai)(wai)。還(huan)要(yao)注(zhu)意其(qi)內(nei)容(rong)是(shi)(shi)否有(you)(you)違法及風(feng)險所(suo)(suo)(suo)在(zai)。如(ru)質量(liang)(liang)標(biao)準(zhun)要(yao)遵守(shou)國家有(you)(you)關產(chan)品質量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)法規(gui)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)。如(ru)果有(you)(you)國家規(gui)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)指令性或指導性價格的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，價格條款應(ying)予遵守(shou)。對(dui)于買(mai)賣合(he)(he)同(tong)，合(he)(he)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)履行期限、地(di)點(dian)和(he)方式，應(ying)特別加予注(zhu)意。合(he)(he)同(tong)法規(gui)定(ding)(ding)，標(biao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)物的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)所(suo)(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)權(quan)自交(jiao)付(fu)時(shi)起轉移，法律另有(you)(you)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)或當(dang)事人另有(you)(you)約定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)除外(wai)(wai)。所(suo)(suo)(suo)謂法律另有(you)(you)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)除外(wai)(wai)，是(shi)(shi)指不動(dong)(dong)產(chan)所(suo)(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)權(quan)自登記之日起轉移，部(bu)分動(dong)(dong)產(chan)如(ru)船舶和(he)民用航空器所(suo)(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)權(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)取得、轉讓和(he)消滅(mie)也(ye)應(ying)進行登記的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。在(zai)所(suo)(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)權(quan)保留的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)買(mai)賣合(he)(he)同(tong)中，標(biao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)物所(suo)(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)權(quan)自買(mai)受(shou)人交(jiao)清(qing)最后一筆款項(xiang)時(shi)轉移給買(mai)受(shou)人。雖然之前(qian)出賣人早已將標(biao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)物交(jiao)付(fu)給買(mai)受(shou)人。標(biao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)物的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)險并不是(shi)(shi)隨(sui)所(suo)(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)權(quan)轉移而(er)轉移，而(er)是(shi)(shi)按照標(biao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)物交(jiao)付(fu)之前(qian)由(you)出賣人承(cheng)擔，交(jiao)付(fu)之后由(you)買(mai)受(shou)人承(cheng)擔的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)控制(zhi)原則承(cheng)擔。 此(ci)外(wai)(wai)注(zhu)意，貨款的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結算方式必(bi)需符合(he)(he)財(cai)務制(zhi)度的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)。
掌握好(hao)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)交易(yi)性條(tiao)(tiao)款(kuan)(kuan)中的(de)相關法律規(gui)定，對于避免違法違規(gui)帶來(lai)的(de)制(zhi)度風險(xian)很(hen)重要。而(er)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)的(de)救(jiu)濟(ji)(ji)性條(tiao)(tiao)款(kuan)(kuan)是為(wei)了保證合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)的(de)交易(yi)安全(quan)，主要針對合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)違約的(de)信(xin)用(yong)風險(xian)的(de)條(tiao)(tiao)款(kuan)(kuan)。《合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)法》第十二條(tiao)(tiao)，合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)一般應有(you)的(de)條(tiao)(tiao)款(kuan)(kuan)后兩項，就是救(jiu)濟(ji)(ji)性條(tiao)(tiao)款(kuan)(kuan)。
1、 違(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)約(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)責(ze)任(ren)(ren)：違(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)約(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)責(ze)任(ren)(ren)，是指(zhi)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)當事(shi)人因(yin)違(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)反合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)約(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)義務而應(ying)(ying)承擔(dan)的(de)(de)(de)法(fa)(fa)律后果(guo)。違(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)約(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)責(ze)任(ren)(ren)制度(du)在(zai)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)法(fa)(fa)中(zhong)(zhong)居于(yu)十分重(zhong)要的(de)(de)(de)地位。英美法(fa)(fa)系(xi)國(guo)家的(de)(de)(de)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)法(fa)(fa)站在(zai)“保護”的(de)(de)(de)角(jiao)度(du)，將(jiang)這種制度(du)稱(cheng)為“違(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)約(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)救濟”。我國(guo)現行合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)法(fa)(fa)規(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)違(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)約(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)責(ze)任(ren)(ren)實行的(de)(de)(de)是無過錯責(ze)任(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)歸(gui)責(ze)原則(ze)，也就是說(shuo)只要存(cun)在(zai)違(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)約(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)事(shi)實就應(ying)(ying)承擔(dan)違(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)約(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)責(ze)任(ren)(ren)。違(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)約(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)責(ze)任(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)賠(pei)償，《合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)法(fa)(fa)》第113條采用了合(he)(he)(he)理(li)預見(jian)規(gui)(gui)則(ze)。在(zai)違(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)約(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)責(ze)任(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)各(ge)種形式中(zhong)(zhong)，最常(chang)見(jian)的(de)(de)(de)是損(sun)害(hai)賠(pei)償。實踐(jian)中(zhong)(zhong)如何確定(ding)(ding)損(sun)失(shi)(shi)數額，尤其是如何界定(ding)(ding)間接(jie)損(sun)失(shi)(shi)，這是一(yi)個很(hen)復雜也很(hen)有趣(qu)的(de)(de)(de)問(wen)題。按照一(yi)般邏輯推理(li)，在(zai)兩個事(shi)物之間找(zhao)因(yin)果(guo)關系(xi)，并不困難。但只要有因(yin)果(guo)關系(xi)的(de)(de)(de)損(sun)失(shi)(shi)，違(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)約(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)方(fang)就應(ying)(ying)當賠(pei)償的(de)(de)(de)話，實踐(jian)中(zhong)(zhong)就可能發生損(sun)失(shi)(shi)無限(xian)(xian)擴大的(de)(de)(de)情況。為此，創立了“合(he)(he)(he)理(li)預見(jian)規(gui)(gui)則(ze)”，即(ji)違(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)約(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)方(fang)在(zai)訂約(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)時已經或應(ying)(ying)當預見(jian)到的(de)(de)(de)因(yin)違(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)約(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)將(jiang)會發生的(de)(de)(de)損(sun)失(shi)(shi)，才是他應(ying)(ying)當賠(pei)償的(de)(de)(de)損(sun)失(shi)(shi)。《合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)法(fa)(fa)》第119條還規(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)了防止損(sun)失(shi)(shi)擴大規(gui)(gui)則(ze)。對(dui)于(yu)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)雙方(fang)自行約(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)違(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)約(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)金，合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)法(fa)(fa)也確立了適當性的(de)(de)(de)原則(ze)。這些規(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)都有利于(yu)限(xian)(xian)制違(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)約(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)風險的(de)(de)(de)無限(xian)(xian)擴大。
2、 解決爭(zheng)(zheng)議(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)：《合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)法(fa)》規(gui)定(ding)，當事人可(ke)以通(tong)過和(he)(he)解、調解解決合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)爭(zheng)(zheng)議(yi)(yi)，及根據仲(zhong)(zhong)裁(cai)(cai)協議(yi)(yi)或(huo)條(tiao)款向仲(zhong)(zhong)裁(cai)(cai)機構(gou)申(shen)請仲(zhong)(zhong)裁(cai)(cai)。沒有訂(ding)立仲(zhong)(zhong)裁(cai)(cai)協議(yi)(yi)或(huo)者仲(zhong)(zhong)裁(cai)(cai)協議(yi)(yi)無(wu)效(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)，可(ke)以向人民(min)法(fa)院起訴。企業(ye)應根據法(fa)律規(gui)定(ding)選擇(ze)既有利于解決爭(zheng)(zheng)議(yi)(yi)又能保護自身利益的(de)(de)(de)爭(zheng)(zheng)議(yi)(yi)解決方(fang)(fang)法(fa)。并應特別注意(yi)訴訟的(de)(de)(de)時效(xiao)及中止和(he)(he)中斷的(de)(de)(de)規(gui)定(ding)。
除上述(shu)兩個(ge)原則性(xing)條(tiao)款(kuan)(kuan)，還(huan)應(ying)(ying)注意具體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)救濟性(xing)條(tiao)款(kuan)(kuan)。違(wei)(wei)約(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)救濟除了(le)要(yao)求(qiu)全面履(lv)行和賠償(chang)損害外(wai)，還(huan)包(bao)括：1）定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)：定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)的(de)(de)(de)特征包(bao)括①從屬性(xing)，即合(he)同(tong)(tong)無效，定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)約(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)亦(yi)無效。②實踐性(xing)，以定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)的(de)(de)(de)交付(fu)為(wei)成立要(yao)件。③要(yao)式(shi)性(xing)，應(ying)(ying)當(dang)(dang)書面形式(shi)約(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)。④限定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)性(xing)，具體(ti)數額由當(dang)(dang)事(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)約(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)，但(dan)不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)超過主合(he)同(tong)(tong)標(biao)的(de)(de)(de)額的(de)(de)(de)20％。定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)可(ke)以廣泛(fan)應(ying)(ying)用于(yu)多種合(he)同(tong)(tong)。2）違(wei)(wei)約(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)：違(wei)(wei)約(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)有(you)(you)(you)法(fa)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)違(wei)(wei)約(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)和約(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)違(wei)(wei)約(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)，約(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)違(wei)(wei)約(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)如果(guo)太高，訴訟時法(fa)院可(ke)以在一(yi)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)范(fan)圍適當(dang)(dang)確定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)。違(wei)(wei)約(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)與定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)，當(dang)(dang)事(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)只(zhi)能(neng)選擇適用。另外(wai)，合(he)同(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)還(huan)常有(you)(you)(you)其他類似條(tiao)款(kuan)(kuan)：3）擔(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)和物：為(wei)了(le)保(bao)(bao)證(zheng)合(he)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)依法(fa)履(lv)行，擔(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)法(fa)還(huan)規定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)了(le)對于(yu)合(he)同(tong)(tong)可(ke)以設立人(ren)(ren)和物的(de)(de)(de)擔(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)。4）預付(fu)款(kuan)(kuan)和訂(ding)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)等：和定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)，訂(ding)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)不(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)一(yi)個(ge)規范(fan)的(de)(de)(de)概(gai)念(nian),是(shi)預付(fu)款(kuan)(kuan)的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)部分(fen)，是(shi)當(dang)(dang)事(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)種支付(fu)手(shou)段，不(bu)(bu)(bu)具有(you)(you)(you)擔(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)性(xing)質。最(zui)高人(ren)(ren)民(min)法(fa)院的(de)(de)(de)解釋規定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)“當(dang)(dang)事(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)交付(fu)留置金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)、擔(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)、保(bao)(bao)證(zheng)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)、訂(ding)約(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)、押金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)或者(zhe)訂(ding)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)等，但(dan)沒(mei)有(you)(you)(you)約(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)性(xing)質的(de)(de)(de)，當(dang)(dang)事(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)主張(zhang)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)權(quan)利的(de)(de)(de)，人(ren)(ren)民(min)法(fa)院不(bu)(bu)(bu)予支持(chi)(chi)”。定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)則是(shi)保(bao)(bao)證(zheng)合(he)同(tong)(tong)履(lv)行的(de)(de)(de)擔(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)方(fang)式(shi)之(zhi)一(yi)。5）合(he)同(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)標(biao)的(de)(de)(de)物的(de)(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)險條(tiao)款(kuan)(kuan)：實質也(ye)是(shi)為(wei)了(le)保(bao)(bao)證(zheng)交易(yi)安(an)全，減少合(he)同(tong)(tong)風險的(de)(de)(de)措施之(zhi)一(yi)。6）履(lv)約(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)保(bao)(bao)證(zheng)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)等：按照私權(quan)自治原則當(dang)(dang)事(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)可(ke)以約(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)履(lv)約(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)保(bao)(bao)證(zheng)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)、信用金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)等，也(ye)具有(you)(you)(you)保(bao)(bao)證(zheng)合(he)同(tong)(tong)全面履(lv)行的(de)(de)(de)作用。根(gen)據情況(kuang)有(you)(you)(you)些就是(shi)違(wei)(wei)約(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)，有(you)(you)(you)些不(bu)(bu)(bu)符合(he)法(fa)律規定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)，在訴訟中(zhong)(zhong)將(jiang)得(de)不(bu)(bu)(bu)到法(fa)院的(de)(de)(de)支持(chi)(chi)。7）不(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)抗(kang)力條(tiao)款(kuan)(kuan)：不(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)抗(kang)力條(tiao)款(kuan)(kuan)也(ye)是(shi)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)合(he)同(tong)(tong)當(dang)(dang)事(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)救濟性(xing)條(tiao)款(kuan)(kuan)。
只要(yao)合同(tong)的(de)條款(kuan)完(wan)善，出現數量，質量，價款(kuan)等爭議時(shi)，雙方(fang)比較容易(yi)通過和解、調解解決。即(ji)使(shi)仲(zhong)裁或訴訟，也可以(yi)按照(zhao)合同(tong)條款(kuan)確定是(shi)(shi)否違約和那方(fang)違約，并合理確定如何補(bu)(bu)救和賠(pei)償(chang)。但是(shi)(shi)有時(shi)即(ji)使(shi)違約也不(bu)負補(bu)(bu)救和賠(pei)償(chang)責任，象前面提(ti)到的(de)不(bu)可抗力的(de)情形。在(zai)合同(tong)履行(xing)時(shi)，合同(tong)法還規定了兩個情形，應充分注意。
1、合同風險之預期違約：在合(he)(he)同履(lv)行(xing)(xing)期(qi)限(xian)屆滿(man)之前，當(dang)(dang)事人(ren)一方(fang)明(ming)確表(biao)示或者(zhe)以自(zi)己(ji)的(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)表(biao)明(ming)不(bu)履(lv)行(xing)(xing)主(zhu)要債務，就構成(cheng)了預(yu)期(qi)違(wei)(wei)約(yue)(yue)。預(yu)期(qi)違(wei)(wei)約(yue)(yue)構成(cheng)后(hou)主(zhu)要的(de)(de)救濟(ji)，《合(he)(he)同法》規定了：1）“……，另(ling)一方(fang)當(dang)(dang)事人(ren)可(ke)以解(jie)除合(he)(he)同”。2）“……，對方(fang)可(ke)以在履(lv)行(xing)(xing)期(qi)限(xian)屆滿(man)之前要求其(qi)承擔違(wei)(wei)約(yue)(yue)責(ze)任(ren)”。除了對另(ling)一方(fang)的(de)(de)保護，其(qi)實對于(yu)提(ti)出方(fang)，也是一種保護。《合(he)(he)同法》規定“當(dang)(dang)事人(ren)一方(fang)違(wei)(wei)約(yue)(yue)后(hou)，對方(fang)應當(dang)(dang)采取適當(dang)(dang)的(de)(de)措施(shi)(shi)防止(zhi)損(sun)失(shi)的(de)(de)擴(kuo)大；沒有采取適當(dang)(dang)措施(shi)(shi)致(zhi)使損(sun)失(shi)擴(kuo)大的(de)(de)，不(bu)得(de)就擴(kuo)大的(de)(de)損(sun)失(shi)要求賠償。”企業(ye)在確定不(bu)能履(lv)行(xing)(xing)合(he)(he)同或履(lv)行(xing)(xing)合(he)(he)同非(fei)常不(bu)利時，及時表(biao)明(ming)自(zi)己(ji)將不(bu)履(lv)行(xing)(xing)，利用該減(jian)輕損(sun)害規則，可(ke)以減(jian)輕損(sun)失(shi)。注意(yi)預(yu)期(qi)違(wei)(wei)約(yue)(yue)和不(bu)可(ke)抗力(li)導致(zhi)的(de)(de)不(bu)能履(lv)行(xing)(xing)合(he)(he)約(yue)(yue)是不(bu)同的(de)(de)，后(hou)者(zhe)可(ke)以免(mian)除違(wei)(wei)約(yue)(yue)責(ze)任(ren)。另(ling)外，注意(yi)基于(yu)不(bu)安抗辯(bian)的(de)(de)中(zhong)止(zhi)履(lv)行(xing)(xing)。
2、合同風險之不安抗辯權：《合同法》規定，先履(lv)行(xing)債務(wu)的當(dang)事(shi)人，有(you)(you)確切(qie)證(zheng)(zheng)據證(zheng)(zheng)明對(dui)方有(you)(you)喪失或(huo)者可(ke)能(neng)喪失履(lv)行(xing)債務(wu)能(neng)力(li)的情形時，可(ke)以中止(zhi)履(lv)行(xing)。當(dang)然應當(dang)通知對(dui)方，并(bing)在對(dui)方提(ti)供擔保后恢復履(lv)行(xing)。不(bu)安(an)抗辯權可(ke)以保護那些(xie)對(dui)方喪失履(lv)約能(neng)力(li)的當(dang)事(shi)人。但是，“ 當(dang)事(shi)人沒有(you)(you)確切(qie)證(zheng)(zheng)據中止(zhi)履(lv)行(xing)的，應當(dang)承(cheng)擔違(wei)約責任(ren)。”因而要謹慎(shen)注意(yi)信息(xi)的可(ke)靠(kao)性。
當然(ran)合(he)同的履(lv)行方面，還存在(zai)延(yan)遲履(lv)約和(he)不完全履(lv)約等很多可以探討的方面。
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