導語：當(dang)下全(quan)球經(jing)濟一體化帶來(lai)的(de)不穩定環境中，做好企(qi)業的(de)風險管(guan)理(li)工作是(shi)至關(guan)重要(yao)的(de)。為(wei)此，我們(men)要(yao)搭建一套全(quan)面(mian)風險管(guan)理(li)框架，結構(gou)化地應對風險問題(ti)，提高風險管(guan)理(li)意(yi)識，優化管(guan)理(li)體系，從而(er)保障企(qi)業穩健發展。那么(me)企(qi)業全(quan)面(mian)風險管(guan)理(li)到底涵蓋哪些(xie)內容(rong)呢？讓我們(men)一起來(lai)了(le)解一下。
一、全面風(feng)險管理(li)的(de)概念解讀：
國資(zi)委定(ding)義全(quan)面風(feng)(feng)險管(guan)理(li)(li)為：企(qi)業在經營目標的指引(yin)下，通(tong)過管(guan)理(li)(li)流(liu)程的各個環(huan)節執行(xing)風(feng)(feng)險管(guan)理(li)(li)流(liu)程，培育風(feng)(feng)險管(guan)理(li)(li)文化(hua)，建立(li)全(quan)面的風(feng)(feng)險管(guan)理(li)(li)體(ti)(ti)系(xi)。這(zhe)個體(ti)(ti)系(xi)包括風(feng)(feng)險管(guan)理(li)(li)策略、風(feng)(feng)險控(kong)制措施(shi)、風(feng)(feng)險管(guan)理(li)(li)組織職能體(ti)(ti)系(xi)等。它的目標是確保企(qi)業穩(wen)定(ding)地應對各種風(feng)(feng)險挑戰。
二、企業在全面風險(xian)管理工作中(zhong)遇到(dao)的(de)問(wen)題：
近年(nian)來，國內外(wai)經濟(ji)環境復雜(za)(za)多(duo)變，企(qi)業面臨的(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)愈發嚴峻(jun)和復雜(za)(za)。許多(duo)原本隱形的(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)逐漸轉化為現實危機。這(zhe)其中有(you)幾個主要(yao)問題(ti)尤(you)為突出：首先是對風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)管(guan)理(li)(li)的(de)(de)重(zhong)視(shi)程(cheng)度(du)不夠；其次是風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)意識(shi)定位不準確，導致體(ti)系運(yun)行不暢；最(zui)后(hou)是企(qi)業未(wei)能(neng)將風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)管(guan)理(li)(li)有(you)效融入現有(you)管(guan)理(li)(li)體(ti)系中。這(zhe)些(xie)問題(ti)的(de)(de)根源(yuan)在(zai)于企(qi)業未(wei)能(neng)明確風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)管(guan)理(li)(li)的(de)(de)定位和重(zhong)要(yao)性，未(wei)能(neng)將風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)管(guan)理(li)(li)理(li)(li)念與業務流程(cheng)相結(jie)合(he)。對此企(qi)業要(yao)有(you)清晰的(de)(de)認知和重(zhong)視(shi)。
三(san)、針對(dui)這(zhe)些(xie)問題，有以下建議與策略：
清晰(xi)定(ding)(ding)位風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)是(shi)首要任務(wu)，應視(shi)為(wei)高(gao)層(ceng)領導(dao)和(he)(he)核(he)心業(ye)(ye)(ye)務(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工作(zuo)。讓各(ge)部(bu)門清楚自己在風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)角色(se)和(he)(he)職責。建立(li)(li)(li)獎(jiang)懲(cheng)制(zhi)(zhi)度來激勵員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)工主(zhu)動發(fa)現(xian)和(he)(he)防控(kong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)。建立(li)(li)(li)與績效(xiao)考核(he)相掛鉤的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)獎(jiang)懲(cheng)制(zhi)(zhi)度鼓勵員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)工發(fa)現(xian)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)并(bing)提(ti)出防控(kong)策(ce)略是(shi)保(bao)障風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)工作(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關鍵。風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)不僅(jin)(jin)僅(jin)(jin)要停留在理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)論上(shang)更需落實(shi)到實(shi)際操(cao)作(zuo)中(zhong)去(qu)比如要對(dui)流(liu)程(cheng)(cheng)進(jin)(jin)行嚴格(ge)監(jian)控(kong)對(dui)可能(neng)出現(xian)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)環節做出預(yu)案以(yi)保(bao)障企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)運(yun)營的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)全(quan)(quan)穩定(ding)(ding)。此(ci)外企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)與風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)要有機融合注重(zhong)實(shi)際效(xiao)果風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)不應僅(jin)(jin)僅(jin)(jin)停留在滿足(zu)監(jian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)要求的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)層(ceng)面(mian)(mian)(mian)而(er)(er)應成為(wei)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)長效(xiao)工作(zuo)機制(zhi)(zhi)讓各(ge)部(bu)門主(zhu)動參(can)(can)與到風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)中(zhong)去(qu)實(shi)現(xian)事(shi)前防范和(he)(he)事(shi)中(zhong)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)達到風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)成本效(xiao)益(yi)*化(hua)。最后提(ti)升(sheng)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)文化(hua)強化(hua)全(quan)(quan)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)意識(shi)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展離不開文化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)引領在全(quan)(quan)面(mian)(mian)(mian)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)過程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)要將風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)念(nian)融入企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)文化(hua)中(zhong)樹立(li)(li)(li)全(quan)(quan)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)意識(shi)形成全(quan)(quan)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)參(can)(can)與風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)良(liang)好局面(mian)(mian)(mian)。 四、關于企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)存在的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)具體問(wen)題與解決思路：企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)在風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)過程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)常(chang)常(chang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)臨(lin)三大問(wen)題包括缺(que)乏全(quan)(quan)生命周期(qi)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)概念(nian)基礎(chu)信(xin)(xin)息缺(que)失導(dao)致過程(cheng)(cheng)安(an)全(quan)(quan)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)推進(jin)(jin)困難(nan)識(shi)別不出重(zhong)大風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)以(yi)及(ji)(ji)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)沒有分(fen)級管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)等問(wen)題這(zhe)些問(wen)題的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)存在使得企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)在推進(jin)(jin)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)過程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)面(mian)(mian)(mian)臨(lin)較(jiao)大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)困難(nan)為(wei)此(ci)我們需要重(zhong)視(shi)并(bing)識(shi)別出裝(zhuang)置全(quan)(quan)生命周期(qi)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)大風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)對(dui)全(quan)(quan)生命周期(qi)進(jin)(jin)行全(quan)(quan)面(mian)(mian)(mian)了(le)解并(bing)加強基礎(chu)信(xin)(xin)息的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)保(bao)存和(he)(he)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)確(que)保(bao)過程(cheng)(cheng)安(an)全(quan)(quan)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有效(xiao)推進(jin)(jin)同(tong)時(shi)加強重(zhong)大風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)識(shi)別和(he)(he)分(fen)級管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)確(que)保(bao)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)能(neng)夠及(ji)(ji)時(shi)發(fa)現(xian)并(bing)應對(dui)重(zhong)大風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)隱患(huan)以(yi)保(bao)障企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)穩定(ding)(ding)發(fa)展。總的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)來說在全(quan)(quan)球經濟(ji)一體化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)背景下(xia)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)全(quan)(quan)面(mian)(mian)(mian)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)工作(zuo)顯得尤(you)為(wei)重(zhong)要通過建立(li)(li)(li)完善的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)體系(xi)和(he)(he)方法來提(ti)升(sheng)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)能(neng)力和(he)(he)促進(jin)(jin)健康發(fa)展是(shi)非(fei)(fei)常(chang)重(zhong)要的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)同(tong)時(shi)也是(shi)對(dui)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)未來發(fa)展負責的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)明智選擇之一。",這(zhe)些都是(shi)對(dui)于未來發(fa)展而(er)(er)言的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要實(shi)踐(jian)舉措，非(fei)(fei)常(chang)值得落實(shi)執行。工藝危(wei)害分(fen)析過程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)漏洞與改進(jin)(jin)策(ce)略
一、工藝危(wei)害分(fen)析的(de)漏洞
在工(gong)藝危(wei)(wei)害分(fen)析(xi)的(de)初期階(jie)段(duan)，企業往(wang)(wang)往(wang)(wang)存在參與(yu)度不足的(de)問題。具(ju)體來說，企業可研、設(she)計(ji)階(jie)段(duan)作為關(guan)鍵階(jie)段(duan)，應(ying)當(dang)輸出(chu)大(da)(da)量文件(jian)資料，但很多(duo)企業在此階(jie)段(duan)的(de)工(gong)藝危(wei)(wei)害分(fen)析(xi)并不充分(fen)。技術人員往(wang)(wang)往(wang)(wang)將(jiang)設(she)計(ji)任(ren)務(wu)交(jiao)給(gei)設(she)計(ji)院，評(ping)價任(ren)務(wu)交(jiao)給(gei)評(ping)價公司，甚(shen)至有的(de)企業安全(quan)管理人員無法看懂PID圖。這導致大(da)(da)量的(de)風險在設(she)計(ji)階(jie)段(duan)就被隱藏起(qi)來，直到(dao)裝置建(jian)設(she)完(wan)成并進入運行階(jie)段(duan)，處(chu)理成本(ben)急(ji)劇上(shang)升(sheng)。
運(yun)行(xing)階段(duan)(duan)的(de)工藝危(wei)害分(fen)(fen)析也存(cun)在流(liu)程漏洞。盡管(guan)運(yun)行(xing)階段(duan)(duan)常使用SCL檢查(cha)表(biao)和(he)JHA/JSA分(fen)(fen)析表(biao)來辨識(shi)設(she)備設(she)施風險(xian)和(he)作業過(guo)程風險(xian)，但(dan)很多(duo)企業的(de)流(liu)程管(guan)理混亂。責任人(ren)分(fen)(fen)配任務至(zhi)部門、部門再派給車間、班長等操作工，整個過(guo)程缺乏統一(yi)的(de)辨識(shi)分(fen)(fen)析方法和(he)風險(xian)基準(zhun)(zhun)。這導致操作人(ren)員雖(sui)然經驗豐富(fu)，但(dan)對標準(zhun)(zhun)的(de)理解和(he)掌握能力不足，從而(er)影響工藝危(wei)害分(fen)(fen)析的(de)全面性和(he)準(zhun)(zhun)確性。
風險管理中(zhong)的(de)安全管理部(bu)門(men)職責(ze)錯位(wei)也(ye)是一個問題(ti)。企(qi)業(ye)對(dui)于專業(ye)部(bu)門(men)在工藝(yi)信息(xi)管理和工藝(yi)危害分(fen)析中(zhong)的(de)職責(ze)定位(wei)不清晰(xi)，導(dao)致過(guo)程安全管理的(de)效果不佳(jia)。很(hen)多企(qi)業(ye)的(de)專業(ye)部(bu)門(men)并(bing)不了解安全的(de)基(ji)(ji)礎理論，也(ye)未(wei)掌(zhang)握風險辨識(shi)的(de)基(ji)(ji)礎方(fang)法如(ru)失(shi)效概率、后果模擬等。
二、改進措施
在加強過(guo)程安(an)(an)全(quan)管(guan)(guan)理的工作中(zhong)，企業應(ying)首先(xian)對工藝(yi)安(an)(an)全(quan)信息管(guan)(guan)理進(jin)行改進(jin)。要(yao)補齊之(zhi)前(qian)欠下的賬目，對有問題的反應(ying)風險評(ping)估和(he)HAZOP分(fen)析(xi)進(jin)行重新(xin)審視(shi)并(bing)采(cai)取相(xiang)應(ying)措(cuo)施。要(yao)確(que)保(bao)所有相(xiang)關資(zi)料保(bao)存完整齊全(quan)并(bing)為企業人員所熟(shu)悉(xi)和(he)應(ying)用，尤其(qi)要(yao)防止資(zi)料的丟失和(he)失散。
要(yao)重點關注重大風險的(de)(de)監控。企業負責人應意(yi)識到(dao)最可能發生事(shi)故的(de)(de)部位或(huo)環節及其(qi)可能造成的(de)(de)損(sun)失，并制定相應的(de)(de)控制措施。這些措施應包括工程(cheng)、技術、個體防(fang)護(hu)、保護(hu)層(ceng)等方面的(de)(de)要(yao)求。企業的(de)(de)一把手應負責*的(de)(de)風險管控措施的(de)(de)落實，并以(yi)此類推給(gei)其(qi)他管理(li)層(ceng)級。應明確責任人按照什么(me)頻次進行排查(cha)和(he)模擬(ni)管控措施失效的(de)(de)事(shi)故演練等要(yao)求。
還需要盡快(kuai)梳(shu)理風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)辨(bian)識(shi)的(de)流程并(bing)(bing)對相關人員進(jin)行(xing)培(pei)(pei)訓。企(qi)業(ye)(ye)應(ying)抽調人員成立(li)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)辨(bian)識(shi)小組并(bing)(bing)進(jin)行(xing)集(ji)中培(pei)(pei)訓。這個小組的(de)主要任務是統一企(qi)業(ye)(ye)的(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)可(ke)接受(shou)基準、風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)辨(bian)識(shi)分析(xi)工(gong)具選用(yong)、風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)分析(xi)輸出內(nei)容等標準。專業(ye)(ye)部門應(ying)負責其(qi)專業(ye)(ye)范圍內(nei)的(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)辨(bian)識(shi)和(he)隱(yin)患排查治理工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)。企(qi)業(ye)(ye)還應(ying)培(pei)(pei)養自身的(de)技術力量以(yi)進(jin)行(xing)高難度的(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)辨(bian)識(shi)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)如SIL評估(gu)和(he)HAZOP分析(xi)等。
三、其(qi)他管理(li)風險的概(gai)述
除了上述(shu)提到的(de)工藝危害分(fen)析外，企業(ye)管(guan)(guan)理(li)還面臨戰(zhan)略規劃風險(xian)(xian)(xian)、運營風險(xian)(xian)(xian)、財務風險(xian)(xian)(xian)和(he)人事風險(xian)(xian)(xian)等多個方面的(de)挑(tiao)戰(zhan)。這些風險(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)識別、評估和(he)應對都(dou)是企業(ye)管(guan)(guan)理(li)中(zhong)不可或缺的(de)部(bu)分(fen)。企業(ye)需要(yao)建(jian)立(li)一套完善的(de)風險(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)理(li)體(ti)系來確保其(qi)穩健發展。
四、結語
企業在工藝危害分析和風(feng)險(xian)管(guan)(guan)理方面還存在諸多(duo)問題需要改進和完善(shan)。只有(you)建立一套(tao)有(you)效的(de)風(feng)險(xian)管(guan)(guan)理體系并實施科學的(de)風(feng)險(xian)管(guan)(guan)理措施才能確保企業的(de)安全和穩定發展。
注(zhu)：本(ben)文章(zhang)僅供參考(kao)之用，不構成具體(ti)解決方案(an)或操作(zuo)指南。對于涉及具體(ti)問(wen)題和情(qing)境的(de)情(qing)況應用時需(xu)謹(jin)慎斟酌并結合實際情(qing)況進行(xing)相應調整和補充(chong)。
轉載：//bamboo-vinegar.cn/zixun_detail/180826.html